Development of a Portable Electronic Nose for Detection of Cotton Damaged by Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

便攜式電子鼻用于棉花綠膿桿菌侵害檢測（半翅目：五翅目昆蟲）
Brittany D. Lampson,¹ Ahmad Khalilian,² Jeremy K. Greene,² Young J. Han,¹ and David C. Degenhardt^3
1 School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, 231 McAdams Hall, Clemson SC 29634, USA
² School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences, Edisto Research and Education Center, 64 Research Road, Blackville, SC 29817, USA
³ Richland County School System, 4801 Hardscrabble Road, Columbia, SC 29229, USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Ahmad Khalilian; akhlln@clemson.edu
Received 31 July 2014; Revised 20 October 2014; Accepted 21 October 2014; Published 11 November 2014
Academic Editor: Jos´e A. Martinez-Ibarra

Copyright © 2014 Brittany D. Lampson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract
Stink bugs are significant pests of cotton in the southeastern USA, causing millions of dollars in control costs and crop losses each year. New methods to detect stink bug damage must be investigated in order to reduce these costs and optimize pesticide applications. One such method would be to detect the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from cotton plants damaged by stink bugs. A portable device was developed to draw VOCs from the head space of a cotton boll over carbon black-polymer composite sensors. From the response of these sensors, this device would indicate if the boll was fed upon by a stink bug or not. The device was 100% accurate in distinguishing bolls damaged by stink bugs from undamaged controls when tested under training conditions. However, the device was only 57.1% accurate in distinguishing damaged fromundamaged bolls when tested 24 h after it was trained.These results indicated that this device was capable of classifying cotton as damaged or undamaged by differentiating VOCs released from undamaged or damaged bolls, but improvements in design are required to address sensitivity to fluctuations in environmental conditions.

臭蟲是美國東南部棉花的重要害蟲，每年造成數百萬美元的控制成本和作物損失。為了降低成本，優化農藥應用，必須研究檢測臭蟲危害的新方法。其中一種方法是檢測由臭蟲破壞的棉花植株釋放的揮發性有機化合物(VOC)。開發了一種在碳黑聚合物復合傳感器上從棉鈴頭部空間提取揮發性有機化合物的便攜式裝置。從這些傳感器的反應來看，這個裝置可以顯示出棉鈴是否被臭蟲叮咬過。在訓練條件下進行測試時，該裝置能100%準確地分辨出臭蟲破壞的棉鈴和未受損的對照棉鈴。然而，經過24小時的試驗，該裝置在區分受損棉鈴和未受損棉鈴方面的準確率僅為57.1%，這些結果表明，該裝置能夠通過區分從未受損棉鈴釋放的VOC，將棉花分為受損棉鈴和未受損棉鈴，但需要改進環境檢測條件波動性設計，比如增加樣品溫度等；以解決傳感器敏感性問題