Fecal Volatile Organic Compound Profiles are Not Influenced by Gestational Age and Mode of Delivery: A Longitudinal Multicenter Cohort Study
糞便中揮發性有機化合物的分布不受妊娠年齡和分娩方式的影響：縱向多中心隊列研究
Nancy Deianova 1,2,*,†,Sofia el Manouni el Hassani 1,2,†,Hendrik J. Niemarkt 3,Veerle Cossey 4,Anton H. van Kaam 5,6,Floor Jenken 7,Mirjam M. van Weissenbruch 5,Esmee M. Doedes 2,Kyra Baelde 2,Renee Menezes 8,Marc A. Benninga 1,Wouter J. de Jonge 9,Nanne K de Boer 10, Tim G. de Meij 1,2
1Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
3Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Máxima Medical Center, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
4Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
5Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
6Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
7Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
8Biostatistics Unit, Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
9Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
10Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†Both authors contributed equally to this article.
Biosensors 2020, 10(5), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios
Received: 3 April 2020 / Revised: 6 May 2020 / Accepted: 8 May 2020 / Published: 11 May 2020
Abstract
Fecal volatile organic compounds (VOC) reflect human and gut microbiota metabolic pathways and their interaction. VOC behold potential as non-invasive preclinical diagnostic biomarkers in various diseases, e.g., necrotizing enterocolitis and late onset sepsis. There is a need for standardization and assessment of the influence of clinical and environmental factors on the VOC outcome before this technique can be applied in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of gestational age (GA) and mode of delivery on the fecal VOC pattern in preterm infants born below 30 weeks of gestation. Longitudinal fecal samples, collected on days 7, 14, and 21 postnatally, were analyzed by an electronic nose device (Cyranose 320®). In total, 58 preterm infants were included (29 infants born at GA 24–26 weeks vs. 29 at 27–29 completed weeks, 24 vaginally born vs. 34 via C-section). No differences were identified at any predefined time point in terms of GA and delivery mode (p > 0.05). We, therefore, concluded that correction for these factors in this population is not warranted when performing fecal VOC analysis in the first three weeks of life.
糞便揮發性有機物(VOC)反映了人體和腸道微生物的代謝途徑及其相互作用。揮發性有機化合物在各種疾病，如壞死性小腸結腸炎和遲發性膿毒癥中可能作為非侵入性臨床前診斷生物標記物。在這項技術應用于臨床實踐之前，需要對臨床和環境因素對VOC結果的影響進行標準化和評估。本研究旨在探討孕周(GA)及分娩方式對30周以下早產兒糞便VOC模式的影響。出生后第7、14和21天收集的縱向糞便樣本通過電子鼻裝置(Cyranose 320)進行分析。總共包括58名早產兒(29名在GA 24-26周出生，29名在27-29周出生，24名在自然出生，34名通過剖腹產出生)。在任何預定的時間點，GA和分娩方式均無差異(p>0.05)。因此，我們得出結論，在出生后的前三周進行糞便揮發性有機化合物分析時，不需要對這些因素進行校正
Keywords: gestational age; mode of delivery; preterm infants; electronic nose; eNose; flatography; VOC; volatile organic compound; metabolomics
關鍵詞：胎齡；分娩方式；早產兒；電子鼻；eNose；平板造影；VOC；揮發性有機化合物；代謝組學
