Improving recognition of odors in a waste management plant by using electronic noses with different technologies, gas chromatographyemass spectrometry/olfactometry and dynamic olfactometry
使用電子鼻和GC/MS氣味識(shí)別提高廢物工廠管理
Pasquale Giungato a, *, Gianluigi de Gennaro b, c, Pierluigi Barbieri d, Sara Briguglio d,
Martino Amodio e, Lucrezia de Gennaro e, Francesco Lasigna f
a Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona, 4, IT-70125 Bari, Italy
b Department of Biology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona, 4, IT-70125 Bari, Italy
c Apulia Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection (ARPA Puglia), Corso Trieste 27, IT-70126 Bari, Italy
d Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 1, IT-34127 Trieste, Italy
e LEnviroS srl, spin off of University of Bari, via degli antichi pastifici 8/B, IT-70056 Molfetta, Bari, Italy
f Italcave SpA, via per Statte, 6000, IT-74123 Taranto, Italy
A b s t r a c t
Odor emissions from waste management plants have long been an environmental and economic issue, but only recently regional authorities in Italy are regulating this sector by imposing control and mitigation of the phenomenon. Electronic noses, initially developed as cheap, easy tools to detect volatiles, may have the required time-resolved coverage of the odor emission phenomenon in a cheap and feasible way with respect to chemical analysis of air. One crucial issue to resolve is to evaluate the discriminant capacity of a sensor array in-field and under working conditions. In this paper the authors have studied the responses of electronic noses of different technologies to odors emitted from a waste management plant, by integrating results obtained with dynamic olfactometry and gas chromatographyemass spectrometry/ olfactometry, in the aim to implement a monitoring system and improve cleaner production technologies. Three most impacting odor sources in the waste management plant were detected: biogas, a by-product of mechanical treatment of municipal solid wastes, with low organic fraction and a sludge pressed and dehydrated from treatment of urban wastewater. The most odor impacting source was the sludge and the major responsible of the odor impacts were aromatics (in particular 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene), aliphatic hydrocarbons, terpenes and sulphur volatiles (methyl disulphide, carbon disulphide, dimethyltrisulphide). Ten Metal Oxide Semiconductors and 32 polymer/black carbon (Nano Composite Array) sensors in two electronic noses, were tested for discrimination source capabilities.
Results of linear discriminant analysis and cross validation give 86.7% successful recognition for Metal Oxide Semiconductors, 53.3% for Nano Composite Array and 93.3% for a selection of sensors belonging to both technologies chosen according to the selectivity towards the odor active molecules. The containment
of odors could also be achieved by spraying a specific product and monitoring the process using selected sensors of the arrays. The results of the in-field work demonstrate strengths and weaknesses of different construction technologies in the e-noses arrays, to characterize and monitor in-site and in real time odor emissions from waste management plants.
廢物管理廠的臭氣排放長(zhǎng)期以來一直是環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，但直到近，意大利的區(qū)域當(dāng)局才通過控制和緩解這一現(xiàn)象來管制這一領(lǐng)域。電子鼻初是作為廉價(jià)、容易檢測(cè)揮發(fā)物的工具開發(fā)的，在空氣的化學(xué)分析方面，可能以廉價(jià)且可行的方式具有所需的時(shí)間分辨的氣味排放現(xiàn)象的覆蓋范圍。一個(gè)需要解決的關(guān)鍵問題是評(píng)估傳感器陣列在野外和工作條件下的識(shí)別能力。本文將動(dòng)態(tài)嗅覺測(cè)量和氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜/嗅覺測(cè)量相結(jié)合，研究了不同技術(shù)的電子鼻對(duì)垃圾處理廠臭氣排放的響應(yīng)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)環(huán)境的監(jiān)測(cè)。建立和改進(jìn)清潔生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。在垃圾處理廠檢測(cè)到三種影響大的惡臭源：沼氣，一種城市固體廢物機(jī)械處理的副產(chǎn)品，有機(jī)物含量低，污泥經(jīng)過壓縮和脫水處理城市污水。臭氣影響主要的來源是污泥，臭氣影響的主要原因是芳烴(特別是1,3,5-*基苯)、脂肪族烴、萜烯和硫揮發(fā)物(甲基二硫化物、二硫化碳、二甲基三硫化物)。在兩個(gè)電子鼻中測(cè)試了10個(gè)金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體和32個(gè)聚合物/黑碳(納米復(fù)合陣列)傳感器的識(shí)別源能力。線性判別分析和交叉驗(yàn)證的結(jié)果顯示，86.7%的金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體識(shí)別成功，53.3%的納米復(fù)合陣列識(shí)別成功，93.3%的傳感器屬于根據(jù)氣味活性分子的選擇性選擇的兩種技術(shù)。遏制也可以通過噴灑特定的產(chǎn)品和使用陣列中選定的傳感器監(jiān)測(cè)過程來實(shí)現(xiàn)氣味。現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工作的結(jié)果顯示了電子鼻陣列中不同施工技術(shù)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，以描述和監(jiān)測(cè)廢物管理工廠的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)和實(shí)時(shí)臭氣排放。
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