The electronic nose: emerging biomarkers in lung cancer diagnostics
電子鼻：肺癌診斷新興生物標志物
Wouter H. van Geffen 1, Kevin Lamote2,3,4,5, Adrien Costantini6, Lizza E.L. Hendriks7, Najib M. Rahman8,9, Torsten G. Blum10, Jan van Meerbeeck2,3,4,5
Abstract:
Lung cancer is very common and the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite recent progress in the systemic treatment of lung cancer (checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors), each year, >1.5?million people die due to this disease. Most lung cancer patients already have advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. Computed tomography screening of high-risk individuals can detect lung cancer at an earlier stage but at a cost of false-positive findings. Biomarkers could lead towards a reduction of these false-positive findings and earlier lung cancer diagnosis, and have the potential to improve outcomes and treatment monitoring. To date, there is a lack of such biomarkers for lung cancer and other thoracic malignancies, although electronic nose (e-nose)-derived biomarkers are of interest. E-nose techniques using exhaled breath component measurements can detect lung cancer with a sensitivity ranging from 71% to 96% and specificity from 33 to 100%. In some case series, such results have been validated but this is mostly using internal validation and hence, more work is needed. Furthermore, standardised sampling and analysis methods are lacking, impeding interstudy comparison and clinical implementation. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the currently available data on E-nose technology for lung cancer detection.
肺癌是*非常普遍且見的癌癥死亡原因。盡管近在肺癌的全身治療(檢查點抑制劑和*激酶抑制劑)方面取得了進展，但每年仍有超過150萬人死于該疾病。大多數肺癌患者在診斷時已患有晚期疾病。對高危人群進行計算機斷層掃描可以早期篩查肺癌，但會增加假陽性結果的成本。生物標志物可能導致這些假陽性結果的減少和早期肺癌的診斷，并有可能改善療效和監測治療。迄今為止，盡管感興趣的是電子鼻(e-nose)衍生的生物標記物，但仍缺乏用于肺癌和其他胸腔惡性腫瘤的此類生物標記物。使用呼氣成分的電子鼻技術可以檢測到肺癌，其敏感性范圍為71%至96%，特異性為33%至100%。在某些情況下，這些結果已得到驗證，但這主要是使用內部驗證，因此需要做更多的工作。此外，缺乏標準化的采樣和分析方法，妨礙了研究之間的比較和臨床實施。在這篇敘述性綜述中，我們提供了有關用于肺癌檢測的電子鼻技術的當前可用數據的概述。缺乏標準化的采樣和分析方法，妨礙了研究之間的比較和臨床實施。在這篇敘述性綜述中，我們提供了有關用于肺癌檢測的電子鼻技術的當前可用數據的概述。缺乏標準化的采樣和分析方法，妨礙了研究之間的比較和臨床實施。在這篇敘述性綜述中，我們提供了有關用于肺癌檢測的電子鼻技術的當前可用數據的概述
